This research studies the Extended Projection Principle and explains the status of subject construction in the sentences of Avestan, Old, and Middle Persian based on the Generative Grammar. The results show that the Extended Projection Principle feature in those languages is strong and the tense functional head after valuation of the case feature on the noun phrase in the specifier of little verb phrase and receiving the proper valuation for its phi-feature from the same noun phrase, should have a noun phrase in its specifier based on the Extended Projection Principle. In those languages, the subject cannot remain in the specifier of the little verb phrase and should move to upper functional head due to the strength of the Extended Projection Principle. This study shows that the unmarked word order in the embedded sentences of those languages is subject-object-verb order but in the matrix sentences, the constructions can move to other positions based on the scrambling.

This article reviews and criticizes The Generative Lexicon by James Pustejovsky. Generative Lexicon (GL) is a linguistic semantic theory that proposes a framework for representing lexical knowledge. The lexical semantic representations as introduced in GL are, in fact, part of the information stored in the lexicon. GL is concerned with explaining the creative use of language. By taking this into account the structure and multiple representational levels for different types of lexical information, GL provides a new way for creating multiple meanings through a process of combining. This article firstly provides a short introduction about the book and then in the second part, Generative Lexicon theory is introduced, and then the structure and content of the book is mentioned in the third part. In the rest of the paper, the criticisms and evaluation of the book are presented in two sub-sections (a) appearance, form, and structure, and (b) evaluation of content. In the final section of the paper, the conclusion and concluding remarks on the book are presented.

In this paper, the movement of constituents of sentences in the old and middle Persian is studied based on the theoretical foundations of the Minimalist Programme (Chomsky 1995). According to the Copy Theory of Movement, the moved element leaves a copy and moves to the new location in the sentence and the moved element and its copy form a chain. The formed chain has only one element to be pronounced in the PF. The deletion of all elements in the formed chain except the head of chain based on the Chain Reduction Principle proposed by Nunes (1995) prepares the appropriate condition for realization of Linearization Principle. The selection of elements for deletion is done by the Economy Principle. By considering the fact that in the formed chain, the head of the chain has less formal features compared to the other elements (copies), so the deletion of the copies is more economical. The main purpose of doing this diachronic research is to study the feasibility of applying the principles of the Copy Theory of Movement and the Chain Reduction Principle for explaining the movement of the constituents in the Old and Middle Persian sentences. Studying of the word order and the moved constituents and also their pronunciations in the sentences of the Old and Middle Persian by considering the foundation of the Minimalist programme (Chomsky 1995 and Nunes 1995) shows that these notions are capable to explain the movement of constituents. The Persian language has free word order and the constituents can move to other locations in the sentences based on topicalization or focus movement. Having uninterpretable features of [uTpoic] or [uFocus], the moved elements can have their features checked and deleted under sisterhood by moving to the topic or focus phrase in the sentence but the remained copies have their [uTpoic] or [uFocus] features unchecked. According to the Economy Principle in Language derivation and the Chain Reduction Principlesuggested by Nunes (1995), the remained copy of the moved constituent in the sentencethe Old and Middle Persian should be deleted in the PF since it has more features than the moved element. The results of this study show that the explanations provided by the Linear Axiom Principle, Copy Theory of Movement, and the notion of Chain Reduction Principle help us to explain the syntactic phenomenon of movement and linearization and phonetic realization of constituents in the sentences of Old and Middle Persian appropriately.

Linguistic variation is one of the challengeable themes in sociolinguistics. The researcher discusses linguistic variation in Persian translations The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka Translated into Persian by Sadegh Hedayat and Farzaneh Taheri. The main questions in the present research are: 1) How is the role of gender in producing lexical variation in these two translations of The Metamorphosis? 2) In which parts of speech does it take place lexical variation more than others? 3) How is the role of gender in producing syntactic variation in two translation of The Metamorphosis? 4) Are there any relationships between gender and syntactic processes concerning the syntactic variations? The results of research indicate that gender has crucial role in producing linguistic variation including lexical, morphological and syntactic variations in Persian language. The results indicate that there are 505 lexical variations in two translations in which the number of verbal, nominal, adjective, and adverbial variations is 398, 51, 39, 17, respectively. The investigation of data indicates that the rate of morphological variation is less than lexical and syntactic variations. Also, the results indicate that there are relationships between gender and syntactic variables such as scrambling, adjuncts application, question particle application, grammatical metaphor of nominalization, grammatical metaphor of modality, causation, relativization, extraposition, grammatical metaphor of transitivity, and subordination shifting. One of the main implications of present research is that there is close interface between sociolinguistics and generative grammar and therefore, the results of present research confirm the opinions of sociolinguists such as Sells et al. (1996) and Barbiers(2002) about interface between sociolinguistics and generative grammar...

This article studies the Generative grammar approach and some other theories driven from it to lexicon and lexical entries. Generative grammar is known as a syntax-based theory, so some aspects of language which have been studied in this theory may have been ignored in other theories. This article shows that more attention has been given to lexicon and lexical entries since 50s. we may claim that the information which are considered in the lexical entries at the latest version of generative grammar and some other theories driven from it, are the most complete information which have been ever considered in the lexical entries. In the next sections of the article, one lexical entry in three English-Persian dictionaries has been studied to see which kinds of information have been presented in that lexical entry in the dictionaries. It has been finally shown that considering the quality and quantity of entries in these dictionaries, the information are not the same, but even in the most complete ones, the amount of information is less than what have been presented in the latest version of Generative grammar and some other theories driven from it.

Undoubtedly the holy Quran is a unique book in Arabic language, eloquently and rhetorically. Its words are a pure collection of Arabic literature. All poets, jurisprudents and philosophers believe it as a master art. It is a permanent treasure of Arabic and for it many sciences have been generated. It kept the Arabic language active and dynamic during ups and downs of the history. It also contains local Arabic accents which it shows the trustiness of its phonetic and structure.In this article is studied an explanation of grammatical meaning, understanding the differences between speech patterns, finding out grammatical meanings in speech patterns, and their differences in briefness, Redundancy, transparency and Ambiguity. If the grammar gets excluded of its meaning it would make it dead and prosaic.It study Arabic grammar based on the holy Quran. Thus we are going to study different grammatical patterns which it would lead to different meanings. We believe that although the statements and meanings used in Quran mention a grammatical pattern, it wouldn’t be so in Arabic poems and texts. In Quranit is not going to introduce grammatical patterns, it was the cause and source of establishment of the science of grammar. So Quran is the base of grammar. This article focuses on the books such as “Ma’ani alnahv” by Fazel Al-samaraee , “nahv alQuran” by Abd alsattar Javari and “Men vahy alQuran” by Ebrahim samaraee which are written for the grammar of the Quran.

Comparative study of different post-revolutionary generation has been broadly applied by social scientists; among them some believe there is a gulf between generations, while some others endorsing some small differences among generations, emphasis that this variety is natural. Avoiding being loyal to any of these two views, the present study attempts to compare three different post-revolutionary academic generations using theory of “generative objects” which explores generations’ view about their behaviors, Beliefs, and historical monuments. Sampling was carried among 3 generations; firstly ones who were student in 60s and now are experienced faculties in the university, secondly ones who are recently employed as faculty members, and finally who are now students in universities. Results show that in all 3 generations there are essential in-generation similarities, while comparatively there are some differentiations in inter-generative analysis.

Writing the grammar of a language is one of the most significant outputs of linguistic studies. In Iran, it is Avicenna (Ibn-e Sina) who is credited with the first such compilation of the Persian language. Under-standing the weaknesses associated with the traditional trends of grammar writing in Iran, contemporary Iranian linguists adopted the modern Western approach following the Chomskyan Turn thus attempting to work out a grammar for Persian. Accordingly, this study investigated the scientific theory of grammar writing in Iran through a descriptive-analytic method, using the transformational-generative theory. In addition to reviewing the stances of Iranian grammarians, the paper specifies and describes grammars of different kinds through a typological approach so as to attain a new classification of grammar writing par-adigms in Iran. The findings of this research show that grammar writing approaches in Iran are divided into three paradigms, namely, traditional, structural, and scientific.

Persian syntax, has passed through various phases. Iranian geography has provided a especial trend for its people and language. Though, Iranians have had great influences on compiling and generating the syntactic, rhetoric and linguistic trends of many languages, yet there has been no traces of any research, by them, on the Persian archaic syntax. The only researches done on this topic are either translations or based on the old prejudice which says that languages are the same all over the world. Taking in to consideration the influences of the new linguistic the ories of the last decade on Persian syntax, the present paper aims at analyzing the effects of structuralism and generative transformation on Persian syntax and its compilers.